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Art terminology: / A / B / C / D-E / F / G / H / I-J-K / L / M / N / O / P / R / S / T-Q-U-V / W-X-Y-Z /
F
Facade: The front or face of a building.

Facsimile: An identical copy.

Fake: Copy of a work of art made with the intention of pretending to be the original. or by the original artist.

Fauves or Fauvism: French for 'wild beasts'. The ten was invented by a critic visiting the Pans Salon d' Automne in 1905. who - spotting a Renaissance-style bust among all the modern works commented: 'Aha! Donatello among the wild beasts.' Never really an organized grouping of artists. and only lasting about three years, the Fauves - following the lead of Henri Matisse and Andre Derain - specialized in pure strong colours. Direct application of paint and a rejection of the academic principles of proportion and composition. But their highly individual work was linked more by friendship than style. In retrospect, Fauvism has been interpreted as a key stage in the development of 20thC painting (stressing the pictorial surface rather than the illusion of depth).

Feminist art: See section The Artist at Work; following the exclusion of women from mainstream art history (i.e. from the guilds and academies), there have been since the 1960s several attempts to reclaim the traditions of women' s art from the centuries-long neglect of historians. At the same time. an art practice has emerged which is centrally concerned with the historical condition of women and with what it means to be 'woman made' Books with titles such as Old Mistresses and the Subversive Stitch have significantly contributed to the debate. which has since become linked with Post-Modemism in general. Best-known practitioners include Judy Chicago (USA). Mary Kelly (GB) Cindy Sherman (USA - photographic work) and Barbara Kruger (USA - using billboard advertising).

Figurative: Often used of artworks that represent nature in some way, as distinct from abstracting from it. Also, in the more limited (and useful) sense of artworks based on the human figure.

Fine art: Has gained currency as a term since the early 19thC, to distinguish 'purely aesthetic' or 'non-useful' art practices from the crafts, or applied arts. Decorative arts, or design. Sole distinction goes back to the Renaissance obsession with establishing the status and nobility of the artist. Today, its most cryptic definition comes in. of all places, American customs and excise documents; the work of art should be completely 'useless' to count as fine art.

Fixative: Varnish applied to (today sprayed on) artworks to prevent smudging; usually to charcoal or pastel drawings.

Folk art: Art made by untrained, often peasant practitioners - whose lively, colorful and 'naive' style has sometimes been taken up by artists from within the establishment.

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Foreshortening: See section on Perspective; creating the illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface, by applying the rules of perspective to a single object or figure or part of a figure, particularly at close quarters.

Form: See section on Form; the conceiving and bringing together of an artist's conception of his or her subject; the artist's way of seeing and the artist's ways of presenting that way of seeing.

Formalism: In the 1920s. a term of critical abuse for artists who 'withdrew' into abstraction and formal systems, away from the complexities of everyday life. in contrast with the 'realists' The term has still not shed this connotation, althou~h the 'formal' approach to criticism was very fashionable in the 1940s and 1950s.

Found object: French is ohjet trouve For the Surrealists, an object found by chance, or stumbled on. could contain the aesthetic potential of a work of art: when exhibited. it became an ohjet trouve Frame: Solid border around a painting, intended visually to enhance as well as protect it. Today, the most effective frames are said to be thc ones which do not 'distract' from the painting - although this appears to he a fairly recent thought. In general, oil paintings are not presented from behind glass within the frame. while watercolours and drawings are.

Fresco: Italian for 'fresh'. painting on a wall using pigments mixed with water, applied quickly and decisively to the plaster while it is still damp - so that colours are absorbed and remain fresh. Ihe process goes back to antiquity, but was revived in the 14thC in southern Europe (where the climate is more helpful to frescoes than in the north).

Frottage: French for 'rubbing'. technique of placing paper over objects or materials with raised surfaces and rubbing the paper with (usually) black lead. The Surrealists used frottage. to achieve effects of texture.

Futurism: See section on Motion; Italian art movement at its height from 1909 to the middle of the First World War. which attempted to produce artwork which was energetic enough to capture the 'machine age'. One of the most significant of the non-Parisian modern movements, Futurism sought to present machine and people in the act of motion (often through multiple images and use of diagonal lines) and to reject the art of the static old past. Ihe poet Filippo Marinetti published a Futurist Manifesto in 1909 and the sculptor Umberto Boccioni followed this with a Sculptor's Manifesto in 1912. Ihe carnage of the First World War helped to destroy the glamour of the machine. and the movement. but the die-hards developed an -unfortunate relationship with Mussolini and the Fascists in the 1920s.

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