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Art terminology: / A / B / C / D-E / F / G / H / I-J-K / L / M / N / O / P / R / S / T-Q-U-V / W-X-Y-Z /
D-E
Dada: French for 'hobby horse'. Slavic for 'yes yes' said to have been chosen from a dictionary at random with a penknife to describe a movement of refugee artists and writers who found themselves in Zurich in 1916 at the height of the carnage of the First World War. Their art was intended to be in praise of illogicality, absurdity playfulness and chance happenings, and their mode of expression 'anti-art'. At an exhibition held in Cologne in 1920 next to a lavatory, the viewers were invited to smash up the exhibits with axes - which they did. Dada has been called 'a nihilistic precursor of Surrealism'. Marcel Duchamp, the poet Tristan Tzara and Jean (Hans) Arp were among the leaders. More of a lifestyle than a style.

Decorative art: See applied art, only with more emphasis on the decorative and the ornamental.

Depth: See sections on Perspective and Colour where the former is concerned. the extent of recession in a painting; where the latter, the extent of a coIour's saturation.

Design and disegno: See section on Composition originally from the Italian for 'drawing' which also had the connotation of 'planning', 'intending' and 'composing' today refers with a capital 'D' - to the conception, planning and production of industrial products.

De Stijl: Dutch for 'The Style' the name given to the work of architects designers and artists Iinked with the magazine of the same title edited by Theo van Doesburg and founded in Holland in 1917. Committed to abstraction and the 'Language of modernism' the movement's best-known practitioners were artist Piet Mondrian and designer Gerrit RietveId.

Diptych: Painting usually an altarpiece made up of two hinged panels

Disegno: See under design.

Divisionism: Another name given by Georges Seurat to what is now caIIed Pointillism, based on the viewer's optical mixing of dots of colour.

Draughtsman: Specialist in the art or craft of drawing; today usuaIy describes those who make technical or mechanical drawings. .

Drawing: Representation on a flat surface with pen pencil chalk crayon or paim usuaIIy with an emphasis on Iine sometimes a preliminary stage towards a finished painting. Sometimes finished work in itself. Today the teno has been extended to 'drawing with light' and other three-dimensional methods.

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Earth art: Artworks specific of the 1960s which manipulated the natural environment and which were then photographed for exhibition sometimes with an ecological message. Robert Smithson's 1.500-foot-long rock jetty in Great Salt Lake was the best-known example.

Earth colours: Pigments existing within the earth containing metal oxides including ochre and umbers.

Easel: Upright stand used by artists to hold the canvas or panel; such easels range from permanent, stable studio rnodels to portable and desk models. Easel painting: Strictly, any painting made on an easel; usually applied to cabinet paintings.

Eclecticism: line conscious borrowing of visual ideas from earlier sources, to recombine them in a harmonious whole; used to be a critical term more recently a Post-Modernist compliment.

EcoIe des Beaux Arts: The French Academy (see under academy) established in 1648 closed during the French Revolution and re-formed in 1816 under the new name Academy des Beaux Arts. 'Beaux arts' has sometimes been used as a synonym for academic' or for traditional teaching methods.

Edition: Where printmaking is concerned, impressions made from a single set of printing plates and issued as a set. Where books are concerned all the issues of a book made from a single typesetting

Egg tempera: Tempera (paint made out of powdered pigments) which is bound together with egg yolk and/or white. From the 12thC to the rise 6f oil painting the most significant of all painters' media

Emulsion: A painter's medium or vehicle formed by combining oil and water (which do not mix), plus an emulsifying agent such as egg yolk or gum or wax.

Encaustic painting: Painting where pigments are mixed with wax and applied to a surface (such as a wall) to which they are firmly stuck by heating with irons; they can then be polished. Greek murals and Egyptian mummy portraits were produced in this way.

Engraving: ole process used by printmakers of cutting lines into a wood block or metal plate In order to make many copies or impressions of a printed work. Also the results of those processes. Originally the term was only applied to intaglio (Italian for 'cut in'~ on copper plate) printing, from the mid- 15thC onwards. But it has subsequently been extended to relief (including wood or lino engraving) and intaglio processes such as mezzotint (when the plate is scratched all over with small dots), aquatint (on a porous ground) and other printing processes. Engravings can be original works of art (where the artist is the engraver) or a means of reproduction (of a pre-existing work of art).

Environmental art: Art on a grand scale involving the creation of a man-made environment (architecture, sculpture, light. sound or landscape) through which the viewer can walk. Best-known practitioner the 'environmental sculptor' Christo.See the related earth art.

Etching: Method of printmaking where the metal (usually copper) plate is covered with resin (resistant to acid), a line is drawn on the plate with a needle exposing the copper and the exposed parts are the ones which print: when the plate is immersed in acid the acid eats into the exposed parts; the key factor is the control exerted by the artist over the immersion process. Ole technique reached a high point in the 17thC, especially with Rembrandt. Ole word is used to describe both the process and the result, like engraving.

Expressionism: Although the expression of emotion - as distinct from, or in preference to outward appearance - has been a feature of painting at least since the days of Matthias Grflnewald or El Greco, as an 'ism' the word is usually applied to art movements of the early part of the 20thC in northern Europe. Emotion is expressed through distortion and exaggeration of colour and shape and surface texture - aiming for maximum emotional impact. Fonnative influences were the late work of Vincent van Gogh, the paintings of Andre Derain (with their strong colours) and the hysterical, almost pathological work of Edvard Munch. The phrase 'self-expression' is often seen to be synonymous with 'modern art' - although much, probably more, of Modernism has been as concerned with reason and intellect. Sub-groups of Gennan Expressionism included Der Blaue Reiter. and the all-embracing teen is usually prefixed today with an adjective.

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Digital graphic design art web site page designer services, American 3D artist contemporary print graphics artists collection